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Neem oil, extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), boasts numerous benefits as a natural insecticide, pesticide, and fungicide. Often referred to as “the village pharmacy,” neem oil is a remarkable medicinal plant native to the Indian subcontinent. Its various parts—leaves, flowers, seeds, fruit, roots, and bark—have been harnessed for centuries in traditional Asian medicine. However, alongside its merits, misconceptions and exaggerations often pop up. Historical Applications: Centuries-old manuscripts reveal neem’s historical uses. Its flowers were employed to treat bile duct disorders, leaves for ulcers, and bark for brain ailments. Over 140 active compounds have been isolated from different parts of the neem tree, contributing to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and wound-healing properties. Let’s explore neem oil's multifaceted properties, benefits, and potential risks. Health Benefits: Neem’s rich array of compounds offers potential benefits for blood sugar management, hair, skin, teeth, liver, and kidneys. Hair Health: Neem seed extract contains azadirachtin, which combats parasites affecting hair and skin, such as lice. It disrupts parasite growth and interferes with reproduction. A neem-based shampoo effectively killed head lice while being gentle on the skin. Neem extract may also alleviate dandruff due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Dental and Oral Health: Chewing neem bark promotes oral hygiene. Its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties benefit oral health. Studies suggest neem relieves pain and treats gingivitis, periodontitis, and tooth decay. Test-tube studies indicate neem reduces bacteria’s ability to colonize teeth surfaces, thus reducing plaque formation. While scientific research is ongoing, neem remains a versatile healer with a long history of traditional use. Nonetheless, there are several myths about this oil. Myth 1: Neem oil is a miracle cure for all pest problems. The belief that neem oil is a miraculous cure for all pest problems is widespread. Neem oil does combat a broad spectrum of insects and fungi. However, it’s not guaranteed to work for every pest issue. The efficacy of neem oil depends on: Pest species: Some pests may be resistant. Application method: Proper application matters. Dilution ratio: Finding the right balance is crucial. Take note of alternative approaches including; stubborn pests may require different solutions. Neem oil isn’t a one-size-fits-all remedy. While neem oil has its merits, informed pest management involves understanding its limitations and considering other strategies when needed. Myth 2: Neem oil is completely harmless to humans and pets. Though generally considered safe, neem oil can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions like contact dermatitis in some individuals. Always wear gloves and avoid contact with eyes and mouth when handling it. For pets, dilute neem oil significantly and keep them away from treated areas until the application dries. While neem oil has its benefits, responsible use and awareness of potential risks are essential for both humans and our furry companions. Myth 3: Neem oil doesn't harm beneficial insects. While neem oil primarily targets harmful pests, it’s essential to recognize that it can also impact beneficial insects. Notably, pollinators like bees and butterflies may be affected. Neem oil’s effectiveness against pests is well-documented. It disrupts their growth, feeding, and reproductive processes. However, this selectivity isn’t absolute. Beneficial insects, including pollinators, may encounter neem-treated surfaces during their foraging activities. To minimize harm to beneficial insects: Apply neem oil judiciously, focusing on areas where pests are problematic. Avoid spraying neem oil directly on blooming flowers or near pollinator habitats. Time applications carefully, considering flowering seasons when pollinators are most active. Responsible use ensures pest control without jeopardizing pollination and ecosystem health. Myth 4: Neem oil has a pleasant smell. Neem oil, renowned for its insecticidal properties, is not without its olfactory quirks. While some might expect a delightful aroma, neem oil’s scent is far from universally loved. Neem oil’s fragrance is often described as garlicky or sulfurous. This distinctive smell can catch users off guard, especially if they anticipate something more pleasant. When using neem oil indoors: Be prepared for the strong smell. Consider diluting it with essential oils to mitigate the intensity. Dilution and thoughtful application can help strike a balance between pest control and sensory comfort. Myth 5: Organic neem oil is automatically safe and effective. Not all organic neem oils are equal in quality. Factors such as extraction methods, purity, and concentration significantly impact their effectiveness. To ensure safety and efficacy: Research different brands. Choose reputable ones. Look for clear ingredient information. Follow proper dilution recommendations. While organic neem oil has potential benefits, informed choices are crucial. Prioritize safety and effectiveness by understanding the nuances of neem oil quality. By understanding these myths and using neem oil thoughtfully, you can harness its powerful pest-control properties while avoiding potential downsides. Indeed, neem oil has versatile usage and is indeed one powerful tool in your pest management arsenal, it is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Remember to explore neem’s potential wisely, considering both its merits and safety precautions.

The global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation, with renewable energy sources such as biofuels playing an increasingly important role. Biofuels, derived from organic materials, offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. In this context, the use of shea olein as a biofuel presents a compelling case for used cooking oil. Shea Olein: A Sustainable Biofuel Shea olein, derived from the shea tree native to Africa, is a viable source of biofuel. The shea tree is a drought-resistant species that grows abundantly in the wild, making it a sustainable source of biofuel. The demand and market drivers for Shea olein were highlighted during the Shea 2022 conference. However, specific details about the market size and growth rate for Shea olein biofuel are not readily available. Based on available data provided by the Research and Development Department of Organic Trade and Investments (OTI): while the market for Shea olein as a biofuel is still emerging it is part of the larger biofuel market which is expected to see growth in the coming years, driven by factors such as sustainability, technological advancements, and supportive government policies. It’s important to note that the biofuel market as a whole is influenced by various factors. For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a drop of 8.5% in global transport fuel use in 2020, which also led to a decrease in biofuel use by 8.7%. Despite this, the biofuel market is expected to recover in 2021 and 2022, in line with the expected total fuel demand recovery. Over the medium term, global biofuel consumption is expected to increase, mainly driven by higher blending targets in developing countries. In developed countries, biofuel expansion will be limited due to decreasing fossil fuel demand and reduced policy incentives. The extraction of shea olein for biofuel does not compete with food production, unlike other biofuel sources such as corn or soybeans. The process of converting shea olein into biofuel is relatively straightforward and efficient. Shea olein has a high fatty acid content, which makes it ideal for conversion into biodiesel through a process known as transesterification. The resulting biodiesel is a clean-burning fuel that produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. Used Cooking Oil: Challenges and Limitations The market for biofuel derived from used cooking oil, also known as UCO, has seen significant growth in recent years. This growth is largely due to an increased focus on sustainable energy resources and environmental conservation. In terms of market size, the global used cooking oil market was valued at USD 5.16 billion in 2020. It is projected to grow to USD 10.08 billion in 2028, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.76% during the 2021-2028 period. Some reports even anticipate the market to reach USD 11.6 billion by 2032. Regionally, North America has been leading the global market with a share of 42.82% in 2020. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the market, causing a negative demand shock across all regions. Despite this, the market has seen a rise in applications. Used cooking oils can be refined into renewable fuels, which can replace fossil fuels, or used to produce raw material for polymers and chemicals. Technological advancements have also played a role in the market’s growth. Recent developments in technologies used to process waste cooking oil into high-quality refined oil have emerged in favor of the growth of the overall market. Government initiatives promoting UCO utilization for industrial purposes are expected to drive the growth of the used cooking oil market in the coming years. Furthermore, the demand for Used Cooking Oil (UCO) for biodiesel production in the EU is likely to increase significantly, especially in light of the Renewable Energy Directive II. In conclusion, the market for biofuel from used cooking oil is on a growth trajectory, driven by factors such as sustainability, technological advancements, and supportive government policies. Used cooking oil, while a readily available waste product, presents several challenges as a biofuel source. The quality and composition of used cooking oil can vary widely, affecting the efficiency and reliability of the resulting biofuel. Additionally, the collection and processing of used cooking oil on a large scale can be logistically challenging and costly. Moreover, the application of used cooking oil as a biofuel raises ethical and environmental concerns. The diversion of used cooking oil from waste treatment facilities can lead to an increase in improper disposal practices, such as pouring used oil down drains, which can cause significant environmental harm. This process involves reacting the shea olein with an alcohol (usually methanol) in the presence of a catalyst (such as potassium hydroxide) to produce biodiesel. The time required for this process can vary, but it is generally efficient and straightforward. On the contrary, used cooking oil requires additional steps to prepare the oil for conversion into biofuel. These differences can impact the time and resources required for biofuel production. An Operation Officer with extensive knowledge in the field explains how used cooking oil is extracted for biofuels. The process of converting used cooking oil into biofuel is a bit more complex. First, the used cooking oil must be collected and filtered to remove food particles. Then, it undergoes a process called centrifugation to separate water and impurities. After that, stabilizing agents are added to improve viscosity. The oil is then ready to be converted into biodiesel through a process similar to that used for shea olein, known as transesterification. This process can be time-consuming and logistically challenging due to the variability in the quality and composition of used cooking oil. While both shea olein and used cooking oil present viable options for biofuel production, shea olein offers several advantages in terms of sustainability, efficiency, and environmental impact. As the world continues to seek out renewable energy sources, the potential of shea olein as a biofuel deserves further exploration and investment. Esthy Ama Asante, the CEO and Head of Business Development at OTI, recommends that cost-conscious customers consider the combined use of shea olein and used cooking oil for improved outcomes. Blending Shea olein with used cooking oil could be a practical, economical, and eco-friendly approach to produce a functional biofuel that can cater to various industries.

The global cocoa industry is facing a crisis characterized by a shortage and rising prices due to four main factors. Recent months have seen a surge in inquiries from clients about the sudden cocoa shortage and price hike, particularly in the West African region. In response, we aim to offer clear, detailed, yet succinct explanations. This brief is designed to shed light on the key factors contributing to the global cocoa crisis, providing our audience, including current and prospective purchasers of cocoa-derived products, with a comprehensive perspective on the prevailing challenges. Climate Change and Drought: The primary cocoa-producing region, West Africa, which accounts for about 80% of the world’s cocoa, has suffered from climate change-induced droughts. These harsh environmental conditions have wreaked havoc on cocoa plantations, significantly reducing crop yields. Underinvestment in Agriculture: The majority of cocoa farmers are smallholders who struggle to make a sustainable living. This financial strain prevents them from investing in their farms, leading to a gradual decrease in productivity. Aging cocoa trees and low replanting rates also contribute to this decline. Investor Speculation: Supply issues, exacerbated by West Africa’s dry conditions and Harmattan winds, have led to speculative trading. Investors reacting to these supply-side challenges have pushed cocoa prices higher, with speculation being a primary driver of the price increase. Structural Market Problems: The cocoa market suffers from fundamental structural problems. Cocoa growers, despite producing a valuable commodity, receive only a small fraction of the profits from the value chain. This inequitable distribution of wealth, combined with insufficient reinvestment and the problem of aging trees, aggravates the cocoa shortage. These factors have forced chocolate manufacturers to deal with higher cocoa costs, resulting in increased product prices and the phenomenon of shrinkflation. While some experts predict a potential reduction in cocoa prices in the future, the industry currently faces a significant hurdle.

The cocoa sector significantly contributes to Ghana’s economy. The Cocoa Processing Company (CPC) plays a pivotal role by processing raw cocoa beans into semi-finished products, including chocolate bars and powder. In 2022, CPC’s revenue from cocoa reached $43.5 million. The Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) registered over 10.2 billion Ghanaian cedis (GHS) from cocoa sales in 2020, equivalent to approximately $758.8 million USD. Cocoa’s contribution to Ghana’s GDP surpasses other agricultural sectors such as livestock, forestry, and fishing. Ghana, renowned as the second-largest global cocoa producer after Côte d’Ivoire, plays a pivotal role in shaping the cocoa market. However, several challenges persistently impact the industry. In this article, we delve into these challenges and propose strategies for bolstering cocoa production. Genesis of Cocoa Production in Ghana Cocoa cultivation in Ghana began in the late 19th century and was fostered by a blacksmith named Tetteh Quarshie. He returned from Fernando Po (now Bioko) island in Equatorial Guinea with cocoa beans and established the first cocoa farm in Akwapim Mampong in the Eastern Region. This marked the beginning of commercial cocoa cultivation in Ghana. Today, Ghana is the world's second-largest exporter of cocoa beans, after Ivory Coast. In the 2021/2022 crop season, Ghana produced an estimated 683 thousand tonnes of cocoa beans. However, only a fraction of these beans are processed locally. For instance, in the 2018/2019 crop year, Cargill Ghana Limited accounted for over 26% of the locally processed cocoa beans in Ghana. The majority of the beans are exported unprocessed. Regulation of the Cocoa Industry by COCOBOD The Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) is a key player in the cocoa industry. Established in 1947, it regulates who can purchase and export cocoa, and also has a significant role in pricing. COCOBOD is involved in all steps of cocoa production, from providing inputs to farmers, to regulating who can purchase and export cocoa. Licensed Buying Companies (LBCs) are authorized to buy and export cocoa. One such company is Federated Commodities Limited (FEDCO), an indigenous LBC established in 1996. LBCs must meet certain criteria to obtain an export license from the Ghana Cocoa Board. The COCOBOD regulates the sector and determines the price it pays to cocoa farmers per ton. For instance, in April 2024, the COCOBOD announced a revision in the Producer Price of cocoa for the remainder of the 2023/24 crop year. This decision was made following consultations with stakeholders. Despite its efforts to develop the industry, Ghana still relies on Europe to price its cocoa products. This reliance has made the cocoa industry a bivalent sector, with success for its high quality but failure in terms of pricing autonomy. Challenges of Cocoa Production Cocoa production in Ghana faces several challenges that impact cocoa production costs. The high cost of production is a significant issue. These challenges are fuelled by the following elements: Inflation: Fluctuations in inflation rates directly affect input costs, including labor, fertilizers, and pesticides. Corruption: Addressing corruption is crucial for ensuring fair pricing and efficient supply chains. Intermittent Power Outages: Unreliable electricity supply disrupts processing and transportation, adding to production costs. Additionally, illegal mining activities since 2016 have contributed to the destruction of water bodies and cocoa farmlands, leading to a shortage of cocoa beans. These activities have resulted in large-scale crop losses and the evolution of new diseases and pests, affecting cocoa output and leading to inconsistent yields. The cocoa output for the 2023/24 season in Ghana is anticipated to be almost 40% below the target of 820,000 metric tons. This significant shortfall is attributed to factors such as strong seasonal winds, lack of rain, smuggling, damage caused by illegal gold mining, and the impact of the swollen shoot disease. This scarcity has had a profound effect on the cocoa industry, leading to supply chain disruptions and price surges. Cocoa Price Evolution The evolution of cocoa prices reflects global market dynamics, and efforts to mitigate inflation, corruption, and power outages are essential for maintaining competitiveness in the cocoa sector. Ghana has witnessed fluctuations in cocoa prices over the years. In 2016, cocoa prices surged to 12-year highs due to an El Niño weather event that caused widespread drought, significantly hampering global cocoa production. Since then, the Ghanaian government has consistently prioritized the welfare of cocoa farmers. Notably, the producer price of cocoa has experienced remarkable growth, increasing by an impressive 336%. Specifically, it rose from GH¢7,600 ($514.00) per tonne during the 2016/17 season to the current unprecedented level. In the 2023/24 season, the producer price of cocoa was further raised by 58.26%, reaching GH¢33,120.00 ($2,238.91) per tonne. These annual fluctuations in cocoa prices are influenced by global market dynamics and production conditions. The cocoa market, globally, has witnessed significant fluctuations, with spot prices escalating from $2,467 per tonne in January 2023 to an excess of $12,000. This surge in prices is nearly unparalleled in the history of commodity markets. The cocoa bean scarcity has precipitated a significant shift in the chocolate market. To mitigate the impact of escalating costs, manufacturers have adopted strategies such as reducing the size of chocolate bars, increasing prices, and modifying recipes. Prominent Ghanaian cocoa processing enterprises, including Cargill Inc., Barry Callebaut, and Niche Cocoa Ghana Ltd., have been compelled to suspend operations intermittently over recent months due to this shortage. For example, the state-owned Cocoa Processing Company (CPC) has been functioning at a mere 20% of its capacity. It’s difficult to predict when the situation will improve. It’s clear that a multi-faceted approach addressing all these issues will be needed to resolve the crisis. However, the exact timeline for this is uncertain and will depend on various factors including policy changes, market conditions, and environmental factors. Future of Cocoa Producers and Exporters Despite these challenges, the future of cocoa producers and exporters in Ghana holds potential. Cocoa’s share of agricultural GDP has been increasing rapidly, and existing yield gaps and the prospects of continued high world commodity prices suggest further growth potential. However, the industry needs to address the current challenges to fully realize this potential. Strategies could include improving farming practices, investing in processing facilities, and implementing policies to curb illegal mining activities. There is indeed a supply crunch. According to reliable sources, Ghana’s Cocoa Board is negotiating to postpone the shipment of 150,000 to 250,000 metric tonnes until next season due to a lack of beans. Ghana’s cocoa industry stands at a crossroads. By addressing challenges and capitalizing on opportunities, it can not only survive but thrive. A collaborative effort involving government, industry stakeholders, and farmers will pave the way for a resilient and prosperous cocoa sector.

Soap is one of the most essential and widely used products for personal hygiene and skin care. However, not all soaps are created equal. There are two main types of soaps: commercial soaps and artisanal natural soaps. What are the differences between them, and which one is better for your skin? Let’s find out. What are Commercial Soaps? Commercial soaps are mass-produced by large companies using machines and low-quality ingredients, such as animal fats, synthetic fragrances, artificial colors, and chemical additives. Commercial soaps also contain sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, which is a strong alkali that reacts with fats or oils to make soap. Sodium hydroxide increases the pH of the soap, making it more alkaline and foamier. What are the Disadvantages of Commercial Soaps? Commercial soaps may seem cheap and convenient, but they have many disadvantages for your skin and health. Some of the drawbacks of commercial soaps are: They can be harsh and drying on the skin, especially for sensitive skin types. Sodium hydroxide can strip the natural oils from the skin, leaving it dry and irritated. They can cause allergic reactions, rashes, or infections due to the synthetic fragrances, artificial colors, and chemical additives. Some of these chemicals can also be absorbed into the bloodstream and cause hormonal imbalances or other health problems. They can be harmful to the environment, as they contain non-biodegradable ingredients that can pollute the water and soil. They can also contribute to animal cruelty, as some of them are made from animal fats or tested on animals. What are Artisanal Natural Soaps? Artisanal natural soaps are handmade by local soap makers using natural, organic, and biodegradable ingredients, such as plant cocoa pod ash, oils, shea butter, essential oils, honey, aloe, oatmeal, etc. Artisanal natural soaps do not contain sodium hydroxide, but rather use plant materials (husks, shells, or barks of plantains, palm tree leaves, cocoa pods, and shea trees) that are burned until they form a dark ash and then combined with the oils and shea butter to form the soap. This process makes the soap more acidic and less foamy. What are the Advantages of Artisanal Natural Soaps? Artisanal natural soaps have many advantages for your skin and health. Some of the benefits of artisanal natural soaps are: They are gentle and moisturizing on the skin, as they contain natural oils and shea butter that nourish and hydrate the skin. They also have a lower pH and are more acidic, which makes them more compatible with the skin’s natural pH. They have natural antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties that can help to treat various skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, and fungal infections. They can also help to exfoliate the dead skin cells, unclog the pores, and brighten the complexion. They are safe and healthy, as they do not contain any synthetic fragrances, artificial colors, or chemical additives that can cause allergic reactions, rashes, or infections. They are also free from animal fats or animal testing and are cruelty-free. They are eco-friendly, as they are made from locally harvested ingredients that are organic and biodegradable, and do not pollute the water and soil. They are also more sustainable, as they support local communities and small businesses. What You Need to Know Commercial soaps and artisanal natural soaps are two different types of soaps that have different ingredients, processes, and effects on the skin and health. Commercial soaps are mass-produced by large companies using machines and low-quality ingredients, such as animal fats, synthetic fragrances, artificial colors, and chemical additives. They also contain sodium hydroxide, which makes them more alkaline and foamier. Commercial soaps can be harsh and drying on the skin, cause allergic reactions, rashes, or infections, be harmful to the environment, and contribute to animal cruelty. Artisanal natural soaps are handmade by local soap makers using natural, organic, and biodegradable ingredients, such as plant cocoa pod ash, oils, shea butter, essential oils, honey, aloe, oatmeal, etc. They do not contain sodium hydroxide, but rather use plant materials that are burned until they form a dark ash and then combined with the oils and shea butter to form the soap. Artisanal natural soaps are gentle and moisturizing on the skin, have natural antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, are safe and healthy, and are eco-friendly and sustainable. Therefore, artisanal natural soaps are better for your skin and health than commercial soaps.

Cocoa beans, once used as a form of currency by the Mayans and Aztecs, are now a globally consumed commodity, primarily as the basic ingredient of chocolate. However, the global market for cocoa has experienced a significant surge in demand, which is expected to outstrip supply due to various challenges. The price of cocoa has skyrocketed by 140% since the beginning of 2024. This price hike is attributed to poor harvests caused by extreme weather conditions in major cocoa-producing countries in West Africa, such as Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Cameroon. Additionally, factors such as aging plantations, poor farm management, soil degradation, pests, diseases, and illegal mining activities have significantly impacted production. Given these challenges, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives to meet the growing demand for cocoa. One such alternative is Shea Olein, a potential substitute for cocoa butter. Shea Olein: A Potential Cocoa Butter Substitute in the Food Industry Shea Olein is a derivative of Shea Butter, which is a fat extracted from the nut of the African Shea tree. It is solid at warm temperatures and has an off-white or ivory color. In the food industry, Shea Olein has found its place as a potential substitute for cocoa butter. It shares a similar firmness and texture with cocoa butter when the latter is liquified, making it a viable alternative in recipes where the emollient qualities of cocoa butter are desired, but the chocolate flavor is not the primary focus. Shea Olein in the Food Industry The market for Shea Olein in the food industry has been evolving, with increasing applications and market drivers. It’s being recognized for its role in providing healthy food products. Innovations and new applications of Shea Olein are also being explored. The quantity of Shea Olein that can be produced depends on the yield of the Shea tree. Each Shea tree produces an average of 15 to 20 kg of fruit per year, which translates to about 3 to 4 kg of kernels. Shea butter and Shea Olein are extracted from these kernels, which contain 50% solid fat. Shea Olein can be used as a cocoa butter substitute in a 1:1 ratio. However, it’s important to note that Shea Olein does not have the same mouthfeel as cocoa butter. Therefore, it may be beneficial to use it in combination with another replacement for cocoa butter, such as coconut oil, to achieve the desired texture and consistency in food applications. Competitive Pricing and Sustainability Shea Olein offers a competitive price advantage over cocoa butter, which has seen a significant price hike due to supply-demand imbalances. In the global market, the price of cocoa butter has been experiencing volatility, whereas the cost of shea butter has maintained a considerable degree of stability over the previous year. Moreover, Shea Olein production is sustainable, with Shea trees naturally grown in the West African Savannah parklands. The collection of Shea nuts, primarily done by women, empowers them to transform their own lives, their families, and their entire communities. Availability in the Market Shea Olein is readily available in the market, with its use in the food industry gaining traction due to its potential as a cocoa butter substitute and the growing demand for sustainable and economically viable alternatives. Shea Olein is best used in recipes where cocoa butter isn’t used for its chocolate taste and scent, but for its emollient qualities. This makes Shea Olein a suitable substitute in products like soaps, lotions, and other skincare items where the moisturizing properties of cocoa butter are desired but the chocolate flavor is not. Shea Olein presents a promising solution to the challenges faced by the cocoa industry, offering a sustainable, economically viable, and readily available alternative to cocoa butter. While it may not completely replicate the taste and aroma of cocoa butter, Shea Olein offers a viable solution to meet the growing demand for cocoa products, particularly in non-food applications. As we continue to strive for sustainability in all sectors, substitutes like Shea Olein play a crucial role in ensuring the availability of beloved products like chocolate, without straining our planet’s resources.

In a publication released in November 2023, Organic Trade and Investments (OTI)'s CEO; Esthy Ama Asante, was quoted as: OTI’s initiatives in promoting African black soap in the Chinese market are a testament to the power of sustainable practices, fair trade, and international cooperation. By empowering women-owned manufacturers and introducing a natural, beneficial product to a growing market, the Company is making a significant impact on both the beauty industry and socio-economic development. Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) is a leading social enterprise that has carved a niche for itself in the global beauty industry. The Company has extensive experience in international trade, exporting to over forty destinations. With a strong commitment to sustainability, fair trade, and competition cooperation strategy, OTI is at the forefront of promoting African black soap in the burgeoning Chinese market. Central to OTI’s operations is its strategic partnership with women-owned manufacturers who produce semi-finished products for the cosmetic industry including; shea butter, aloe vera gel, and African black soap. This initiative not only provides a platform for the over 300 women-contracted manufacturers to showcase their products on a global stage but also empowers them in business. By creating a symbiotic relationship with these manufacturers, OTI is fostering economic growth and job creation. The monthly production capacity of our African black soap has seen a significant rise, going from 1,000 bars in 2019 to an impressive 150,000 bars in 2023. African black soap, a hidden gem from West Africa, is renowned for its numerous health benefits. Composed of natural ingredients such as plantain skins, palm tree leaves, cocoa pod powder, coconut oil, and shea butter, this soap is akin to a nourishing meal for the skin. It is celebrated for its ability to cleanse and hydrate the skin, combat acne, reduce skin inflammation, and even out skin tone. The soap’s natural ingredients make it a healthier alternative to synthetic skincare products, aligning with the global trend towards organic and natural beauty solutions. A client in the Hunan Province who uses AExtracts 100% Natural African Black Soap shared their experience with OTI: The soap indeed works wonders on my skin. It’s unquestionably authentic. The beauty industry in China is witnessing exponential growth, presenting a significant opportunity for African beauty industries and semi-finished raw materials. The market for organic cosmetics in China is growing rapidly. The revenue in the natural cosmetics segment of the beauty and personal care market in China is projected to continuously increase between 2024 and 2028 by in total of 1.6 billion U.S. dollars (+50.35 percent). By 2028, the market is estimated to reach 4.7 billion U.S. dollars. As Chinese consumers become increasingly conscious of the ingredients in their skincare products, the demand for natural and organic products is on the rise. African black soap, with its all-natural composition and proven health benefits, is well-positioned to meet this demand. The global African black soap market is rapidly expanding and is currently growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.82% from 2023 to 2030. In response to this growing market, OTI has launched a new brand of African Black soap, AExtracts, in partnership with its associates in Shanghai. Mr. Lanza Chen, the Chief Product Officer of ChanX Group, Shanghai (China) shares his opinion on the new brand: AExtracts is more than just a soap; it is a celebration of Ghanaian heritage and a testament to the power of international collaboration between China and Ghana. By introducing AExtracts to the Chinese market, OTI is not only promoting Ghanaian heritage but also supporting women in business and creating jobs. The success of AExtracts serves as a beacon for other African beauty industries, illuminating the path toward global recognition and success.

Plant-based fuels, also known as biofuels, encompass a diverse range of renewable energy sources derived from organic materials. These fuels offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuels, addressing environmental concerns, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable practices. By harnessing the power of crops, algae, and waste materials, biofuels contribute to cleaner air, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and economic growth. In this exploration, we’ll delve into their multifaceted impact on our world—economically, environmentally, and in terms of public health . Bioethanol: Health Impact: Bioethanol, primarily produced from sugars and starches, has a beneficial environmental impact. It can reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 80%, contributing to cleaner air and a healthier future. Economic Impact: Ethanol is widely used as a fuel additive (gasohol) in the United States, enhancing octane levels and supporting domestic agriculture. Environmental Impact: Ethanol production from corn grain can be resource-intensive, but promising alternatives like wastewater-based microalgae and municipal solid waste-volatile fatty acids are emerging. 2. Biodiesel or Biodiesl Feedstock (Used Cooking Oil): Health Impact: Biodiesel, made from vegetable oils or animal fats, reduces exposure to toxic compounds found in conventional diesel. It can lead to fewer respiratory problems and improved air quality. Economic Impact: Biodiesel production supports rural economies and diversifies energy sources. Environmental Impact: Biodiesel significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions and promotes sustainable land use. Proper management of co-products (such as glycerol) is crucial . 3. Biogas: Health Impact: Biogas plants pose risks to workers due to potential exposure to endotoxins and fungi. Respiratory symptoms may result from handling biomass. Economic Impact: Biogas contributes to economic growth, especially in rural areas, and utilizes waste materials effectively. Environmental Impact: Biogas reduces greenhouse gas emissions, improves soil health, and provides a cleaner alternative to burning wood or fossil fuels . 4. Gaseous Biofuels: Health Impact: Gaseous biofuels, such as syngas, have minimal direct health effects. However, safety precautions are necessary during production and transportation. Economic Impact: Syngas can serve as a feedstock for chemicals and fuels, supporting industrial processes. Environmental Impact: Syngas production from biomass gasification can reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Balancing land use for feedstock cultivation remains critical. 5. Shea Olein: Health Impact: Shea olein, a soft fraction of shea butter, is considered safe for consumption and has applications in healthy food products. Economic Impact: Shea olein empowers West African women and contributes to local economies. Environmental Impact: Shea trees (source of shea butter) face threats due to land use changes, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices. What to take away: Bioethanol, while reducing emissions, competes with food crops for land and water, potentially affecting food security. Biodiesel faces feedstock limitations, requiring sustainable sourcing to prevent deforestation. Biogas production demands proper waste management and safety precautions. Gaseous biofuels, like syngas, require advanced gasification technologies. Lastly, shea olein’s sustainable extraction must balance economic benefits with preserving shea tree ecosystems . These plant-based fuels offer a mix of benefits and challenges, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and ongoing research to maximize positive impacts while minimizing drawbacks.

In the heartland of Ghana, where approximately 94 million shea trees produce up to 60,000 metric tonnes of shea nuts every year, Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) is revolutionizing the shea butter industry. OTI has implemented a hybrid approach to shea butter production, combining traditional handcrafting methods with modern mechanization. This innovative strategy aims to maximize the benefits of both methods, accommodating the needs of its diverse clientele worldwide. Harvesting varies year-to-year due to climate, accessibility, and market fluctuations. Some estimates suggest up to 20% of shea nuts might remain unpicked, while reports indicate Ghana's exports of shea products (primarily shea butter) are growing steadily. In 2022, the export of shea butter from Ghana was estimated to be 38,792 tonnes, worth US$92.6 million, while shea nut kernels worth US$20 million (36,162 tonnes) were exported in the same year, making Ghana the world's fourth largest producer of shea products. OTI’s hybrid approach is designed to increase efficiency and yield while preserving the traditional practices that have been the backbone of the shea industry for centuries. The company’s monthly capacity supply of mechanized shea butter is an impressive 500 metric tonnes. Parallely, OTI continues to produce its traditional handcrafted shea butter, honoring the centuries-old methods employed by the women of Ghana. This dual approach caters to the varying preferences of OTI’s global clientele. For the more cost-sensitive buyers, the mechanized shea butter offers an affordable option without compromising on quality. Conversely, for those who are more impact-minded, the handcrafted shea butter provides a product steeped in tradition and positive social impact. The mechanization aspect of OTI’s operations is designed to reduce the estimated 20% harvest loss, increase production, and stimulate the local economy. It offers potential job creation in processing plants and increased income for farmers. As an impact-minded company, OTI is mindful of the challenges that come with mechanization. The CEO of Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) shared insights into the challenges the Company faced. One of the key dilemmas was navigating the complex landscape of sustainability and sector collaboration in Ghana. We understand mechanized production could create competition for women making handcrafted shea butter, potentially impacting their income and livelihoods. This, therefore, required careful planning and integration to ensure benefits reach all stakeholders. (Esthy Ama Asante, the CEO of Organic Trade and Investments (OTI)). The company is committed to implementing sustainable practices that consider potential environmental impacts on the shea tree ecosystem and soil health. OTI’s continued production of handcrafted shea butter for the beauty industry supports the women’s cooperatives in Ghana. These cooperatives have been turning shea nuts into butter for centuries. By empowering these women through training, equipment upgrades, and market access, Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) ensures they benefit from increased production and secure fair prices for their products. Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) has consistently ramped up the production and supply of handcrafted shea butter, scaling from 18 tons to 100 tonnes per month over the past four years. "The commitment of the Company to quality and growth is indeed commendable," noted one regular buyer of shea butter of OTI. An associate partner of the company commends the initiative undertaken by OTI’s management: OTI’s hybrid approach to shea butter production in Ghana is a testament to the company’s commitment to innovation, sustainability, and social responsibility. By balancing mechanization with traditional practices, OTI is not only enhancing the shea butter industry but also contributing to the economic development of rural Ghana.

The difference between tapioca flour and cassava flour is that tapioca flour is made from the starch extracted from the cassava root, while cassava flour is made from the whole cassava root. Tapioca flour has a neutral flavor and a high starch content, making it ideal for thickening soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Cassava flour, also known as manioc, has a mild and neutral nutty flavor, powdery texture, and a lower starch content, making it suitable for baking breads, cakes, cookies, and other gluten-free and grain-free and it can be used as a substitute for wheat flour in baking and cooking. It is widely used in West African and Brazilian cuisine, especially to make farofa, a toasted cassava flour mixture that is often served as a side dish or a topping for meat and beans. Tapioca flour and cassava flour also have different nutritional profiles. Tapioca flour is low in protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, but high in calories and carbohydrates. Cassava flour is higher in protein, fat, fiber, vitamin C, and copper than tapioca flour, but still lower than other root vegetables. Cassava flour also contains more resistant starch than tapioca flour, which may benefit digestive health, blood sugar control, and metabolic syndrome. Nontheless, both flours have some drawbacks that should be considered before using them. Tapioca flour can cause spikes in blood sugar levels due to its high glycemic index. Cassava flour can contain harmful compounds called cyanogenic glycosides if not processed properly. These compounds can interfere with thyroid function and cause goiter or iodine deficiency if consumed in large amounts. It is therefore important to cook both flours well before eating them and consume them in moderation. To summarize, tapioca flour and cassava flour are both gluten-free flours made from the cassava plant, but they have different processes, flavors, textures, and uses. Tapioca flour is starchier and more flavorless than cassava flour, while cassava flour is more fibrous and nuttier than tapioca flour. Tapioca flour is better for thickening liquids, while cassava flour is better for baking solids. Tapioca flour is lower in nutrients than cassava flour, while cassava flour is higher in resistant starch than tapioca flour.

E-commerce and Agribusiness company, Organic Trade and Investments has entered a sales agreement with South African company, EBK Distributors (Pty) Ltd, a subsidiary of EBK Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd. This deal will enable the latter to disburse OTI-labelled products to customers in and around South Africa. These include authentic African Black Soap, Shea Butter, Cold-Pressed Virgin Coconut Oil, among others. This partnership will make access to and delivery of authentic organic OTI products to customers in Southern Africa easier than ever. EBK Distributors will also be able to redistribute and sell products supplied by Organic Trade and Investments (OTI) either in EBK's owned brand or as a white label in bulk to their end customers in the sub-region except for all Fonio products, which will remain in the brand name; OTI, as a way of positioning the grain as one of the products the AgriTech Company has been promoting for its reintroduction in our daily diet. The company has a track record of distributing products by partnering with local and international companies. They work with big brands in SA such as Bidfood, Joekels Tea Packers, Tsitsikamma Chrystal Water, Chilla Beverages, etc… About EBK Foods (Pty) Ltd and mother company EBK Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd has three subsidiaries namely; EBK Foods (Pty)Ltd - principal manufacturing agent of non-alcoholic beverages and bulk catering supplies, EBK Distributors (Pty)Ltd –, Sales & Distribution Services, EBK Solutions (Pty)Ltd - Sales and Marketing. EBK Foods (Pty) Ltd is a 100% black, women and youth-owned South African company, an appointed agent on behalf of manufacturers. EBK formed has strong relationships with local and international manufacturers within the FMCG sector. The company specializes in the sales and distribution of perishable/non-perishable and allied products to the hospitality, wholesale, and retail Industries. EBK Foods recently embarked on co-packing agreements for its private-label house brands. The Executive Team Kayla Weimers – Director Kayla completed her LLB (Law Degree) in 2020. She is currently (2021) active in the business. She will however enrol as a candidate attorney in 2022. Kayla has chosen a competent management structure to look after the day-to-day requirements of the business whilst she embarks on the completion of her articles. Kayla will still be involved in the business albeit on a part-time basis. Upon completion of her articles, Kayla will join the business on a full-time basis in her capacity as the CEO. Elroy Weimers – Operations / Commercial Executive Elroy is a seasoned entrepreneur who was instrumental in several start-up ventures in a career spanning 30 years. His career started from working in his catering business after which he joined a professional catering company. With his vast experience in operations management, new business development, facilities management, human resources, and supply chain it is no wonder the business is growing at a good rate. Beryl Weimers – Business Development Executive Beryl has worked in various capacities, in both private and public sector industries. Beryl is one of the founding members of EBK. Her core attributes and strengths are new business development. Her expertise in business administration, strategic planning, project management, and new business development will be a most valuable resource. Contact EKB Distributors: General Enquiries: info@ebkdistributors.co.za Orders: orders@ebkdistributors.co.za Phone: 087 702 6413 Fax: 086 578 2333

Organic Trade and Investments (OTI), Ghana's first virtual agribusiness and blockchain export trading company, is revolutionizing the agriculture-technology industry through partnerships and innovations. With its primary focus on promoting small-scale holders and manufacturers from Africa, OTI is creating a significant impact on the global trade landscape. On January 31, 2024, OTI delegates participated in the Turkey-Ghana trade delegation and B2B meetings, marking a significant milestone in fostering international trade relations. This participation underscores OTI’s commitment to enhancing trade opportunities for African manufacturers. In 2022, Turkey’s exports to Africa stood at a staggering 23.60 billion USD, with 7.9 billion USD worth of goods exported to Sub-Saharan countries. This figure indicates the immense potential and opportunities that lie within the African market. However, the trade balance tilted heavily in favor of Turkey in 2023, with Turkey’s export to Ghana exceeding 200 million USD, while Ghana’s export to Turkey was approximately 100 million USD. This imbalance underscores the need for a more equitable trade relationship between the two nations. Ghana’s export potential extends beyond its natural resources. The country’s Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are advocating for fair trade and better negotiation of bilateral agreements. OTI aims to export value-added products, particularly for Turkey’s burgeoning beauty industry. The Turkiye Exporters Assembly plays a pivotal role in promoting their members and exports for the African market. By facilitating trade opportunities, they are contributing to the growth and development of both Turkish and African economies. Organic Trade and Investments (OTI)'s CEO explains how the company is pioneering this era of trade: OTI’s innovative approach, coupled with the proactive role of trading missions, is paving the way for a new era of trade. By promoting small-scale holders and manufacturers from Africa and advocating for fair trade practices, they are not only boosting economic growth but also empowering communities and fostering sustainable development.